dc.contributor.advisor | Rangel Jaimes, German William | |
dc.contributor.author | Trujillo Uribe, Néstor José | |
dc.coverage.spatial | Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia) | spa |
dc.date.accessioned | 2020-08-04T23:15:34Z | |
dc.date.available | 2020-08-04T23:15:34Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2020 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/7152 | |
dc.description.abstract | Introducción: el dolor crónico es un problema serio de salud pública. Las herramientas terapéuticas disponibles han sido cuestionadas por sus efectos secundarios indeseables. El uso de cannabis medicinal se ha propuesto como parte de una estrategia multimodal, para manejo del dolor crónico, por considerarle una alternativa más segura y efectiva. En las últimas dos décadas, el cannabis medicinal ha ganado gran relevancia mediática, socioeconómica y científica en el país. Con gran controversia, los medicamentos a base de cannabis son empleados en todas latitudes, mientras la comunidad científica en todo el mundo se interesa en recopilar evidencia del efecto clínico. Pocos estudios se han enfocado en las percepciones, actitudes y creencias de los pacientes. En Colombia, no se había realizado ninguno.
Planteamiento del problema: tras varias décadas de proscripción legal del cultivo, transporte, posesión, uso o consumo de marihuana, en Colombia se viene gestando un enfoque diferencial entre el narcotráfico, el microtráfico, el uso recreativo y el medicinal. El uso medicinal de cannabis ha sido despenalizado y el Gobierno inició el proceso de reglamentar la producción, transformación y comercialización. El uso medicinal de cannabis en Colombia es relevante, tanto en el ámbito científico, como en el social; al igual que en el resto del mundo. La marihuana aquí es la droga ilícita más comúnmente usada. En este país prevalecen ideas vagamente relacionadas con las percepciones y actitudes de la población colombiana frente a la marihuana. La percepción pública acerca de la eficacia de los cannabinoides en dolor no parece ser consistente con la evidencia científica disponible pues la percepción de efectividad es muy subjetiva. Igualmente, es necesario que los profesionales de la salud entiendan, controlen y adapten los procesos de farmacología y medicina actuales a los aspectos claves del cannabis en el manejo del dolor, con el fin de disminuir el riesgo derivado de su uso.
Objetivos: describir las percepciones, actitudes y creencias acerca del uso de cannabis medicinal en pacientes con dolor crónico en una institución de salud de tercer nivel del Nororiente colombiano.
Metodología: el presente estudio, se desarrolló usando técnicas de investigación de campo, a partir de un cuestionario autoadministrado que preservó el anonimato. El muestreo se hizo por conveniencia, tanto en pacientes como en sus familiares o acudientes. Se evaluaron las relaciones entre percepciones, creencias y actitudes y las características demográficas del consumo de cannabis, experiencias previas, estado de salud y calidad de vida, intensidad del dolor, presencia de comorbilidades y consumo de otras sustancias psicoactivas.
Resultados: se logró obtener información útil para comprender el constructo psicosocial de los pacientes en lo referente al cannabis medicinal. Predominó entre ellos una postura neutral, mientras que la de los familiares fue más variada, con tendencia positiva en la mayoría de los aspectos. La prevalencia de consumo medicinal fue baja en los dos grupos. Los pacientes con dolor crónico encuestados no se comportan igual que lo reportado en estudios internacionales.
Discusión: a pesar del complicado contexto colombiano referente al uso de las sustancias psicoactivas y el impacto del narcotráfico, los pacientes no son renuentes a la posibilidad de emplear el cannabis medicinal para el manejo del dolor crónico; tampoco para el manejo de otros síntomas. Su posición neutral permite que, dirigiendo apropiadamente las políticas públicas en salud y educación, puedan modificarse estas percepciones de acuerdo a la evidencia científica. También se destaca a partir de los resultados el importante papel de los familiares, no solo en la toma de decisiones, sino también como amplificadores positivos de la idea de utilidad terapéutica del cannabis medicinal. Este estudio abre las puertas a lo que debe ser un campo de investigación amplio y dinámico, que integre el conocimiento científico con el contexto del paciente usando un enfoque biopsicosocial integrador. | spa |
dc.description.tableofcontents | LISTA DE FIGURAS I
LISTA DE TABLAS II
GLOSARIO III
RESUMEN 1
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCCIÓN 3
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 4
RELEVANCIA DEL USO MEDICINAL DEL CANNABIS ¿POR QUÉ INVESTIGAR? 4
CANNABIS COMO FITOTERAPIA 5
Cannabis 6
Cannabinoides 6
CANNABIS MEDICINAL 7
EPIDEMIOLOGIA DEL CONSUMO DE CANNABIS 9
Prevalencia de Consumo en Europa 10
Prevalencia de Consumo en Norteamérica 11
Prevalencia de Consumo en Latinoamérica 11
Características de Consumo por Edad 11
Características de Consumo por Sexo 12
Características de Consumo por Nivel Socioeconómico 14
Características de Consumo por Estado Civil 15
Características de Consumo por Nivel Educativo 15
Características de Consumo por Vinculación Laboral 16
Características de Consumo por Estado de Salud 16
USO RECREATIVO VERSUS MEDICINAL 17
CONTEXTO PSICOSOCIAL LATINOAMERICANO 19
USO DE CANNABIS EN COLOMBIA 20
Contexto Psicosocial 21
BARRERAS PARA LA INVESTIGACIÓN 25
JUSTIFICACIÓN 33
OBJETIVOS 36
GENERAL 36
ESPECÍFICOS 36
MARCO REFERENCIAL 37
MARCO TEÓRICO 38
ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS 38
CONCEPTOS FARMACOLÓGICOS RELEVANTES 41
Cannabis 41
Cannabinoides 41
Sistema Endocannabinoide 42
PRODUCTOS MEDICINALES DISPONIBLES 46
Vías de Administración 48
Absorción 50
Distribución 51
Metabolismo 51
Eliminación 51
Productos en Desarrollo 52
Presentaciones Concentradas 52
SEGUNDO EFECTO 54
Impacto Sobre el Consumo de Otros Fármacos 56
EFECTOS SECUNDARIOS INDESEABLES 58
Consumo Problemático 60
Tratamiento del Uso Problemático 64
ASPECTOS LEGALES 67
CONTEXTO COLOMBIANO 72
ESTADO DEL ARTE 76
GENERALIDADES 76
TEORÍAS Y APROXIMACIONES ANALÍTICAS 77
ACTITUDES Y CREENCIAS 81
MOTIVACIONES PARA EL USO 86
PERCEPCIÓN DE EFICACIA 87
PERCEPCIÓN DE PLACER 89
MOTIVACIONES PARA EL NO USO 90
PERCEPCIÓN DE RIESGO 93
ESTIGMATIZACIÓN 95
ACTITUDES, CREENCIAS Y PERCEPCIONES DE LOS TRABAJADORES DE LA SALUD 98
ESTRATEGIAS PARA REDUCIR LA ESTIGMATIZACIÓN Y LAS BARRERAS DE ACCESO A CANNABIS MEDICINAL 100
Educación para Trabajadores de la Salud 102
PERFIL DEL CONSUMIDOR 104
Frecuencia de Consumo 106
POBLACIONES ESPECIALES 107
Embarazo 107
Infantes y Adolescentes 109
LISTA DE FIGURAS I
LISTA DE TABLAS II
GLOSARIO III
RESUMEN 1
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCCIÓN 3
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 4
RELEVANCIA DEL USO MEDICINAL DEL CANNABIS ¿POR QUÉ INVESTIGAR? 4
CANNABIS COMO FITOTERAPIA 5
Cannabis 6
Cannabinoides 6
CANNABIS MEDICINAL 7
EPIDEMIOLOGIA DEL CONSUMO DE CANNABIS 9
Prevalencia de Consumo en Europa 10
Prevalencia de Consumo en Norteamérica 11
Prevalencia de Consumo en Latinoamérica 11
Características de Consumo por Edad 11
Características de Consumo por Sexo 12
Características de Consumo por Nivel Socioeconómico 14
Características de Consumo por Estado Civil 15
Características de Consumo por Nivel Educativo 15
Características de Consumo por Vinculación Laboral 16
Características de Consumo por Estado de Salud 16
USO RECREATIVO VERSUS MEDICINAL 17
CONTEXTO PSICOSOCIAL LATINOAMERICANO 19
USO DE CANNABIS EN COLOMBIA 20
Contexto Psicosocial 21
BARRERAS PARA LA INVESTIGACIÓN 25
JUSTIFICACIÓN 33
OBJETIVOS 36
GENERAL 36
ESPECÍFICOS 36
MARCO REFERENCIAL 37
MARCO TEÓRICO 38
ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS 38
CONCEPTOS FARMACOLÓGICOS RELEVANTES 41
Cannabis 41
Cannabinoides 41
Sistema Endocannabinoide 42
PRODUCTOS MEDICINALES DISPONIBLES 46
Vías de Administración 48
Absorción 50
Distribución 51
Metabolismo 51
Eliminación 51
Productos en Desarrollo 52
Presentaciones Concentradas 52
SEGUNDO EFECTO 54
Impacto Sobre el Consumo de Otros Fármacos 56
EFECTOS SECUNDARIOS INDESEABLES 58
Consumo Problemático 60
Tratamiento del Uso Problemático 64
ASPECTOS LEGALES 67
CONTEXTO COLOMBIANO 72
ESTADO DEL ARTE 76
GENERALIDADES 76
TEORÍAS Y APROXIMACIONES ANALÍTICAS 77
ACTITUDES Y CREENCIAS 81
MOTIVACIONES PARA EL USO 86
PERCEPCIÓN DE EFICACIA 87
PERCEPCIÓN DE PLACER 89
MOTIVACIONES PARA EL NO USO 90
PERCEPCIÓN DE RIESGO 93
ESTIGMATIZACIÓN 95
ACTITUDES, CREENCIAS Y PERCEPCIONES DE LOS TRABAJADORES DE LA SALUD 98
ESTRATEGIAS PARA REDUCIR LA ESTIGMATIZACIÓN Y LAS BARRERAS DE ACCESO A CANNABIS MEDICINAL 100
Educación para Trabajadores de la Salud 102
PERFIL DEL CONSUMIDOR 104
Frecuencia de Consumo 106
POBLACIONES ESPECIALES 107
Embarazo 107
Infantes y Adolescentes 109
Usuarios de Otras Sustancias Psicoactivas 111
Pacientes Psiquiátricos 113
Pacientes con Infección por VIH/SIDA 114
Profesionales de la Salud 114
Militares Activos y en Retiro 114
Adultos Mayores 116
Pacientes Oncológicos y en Cuidados Paliativos 116
METODOLOGÍA 120
PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 120
DISEÑO 120
POBLACIÓN 120
Población Blanco 120
Población a Estudio 121
CÁLCULO DEL TAMAÑO DE LA MUESTRA 121
MUESTREO 122
CRITERIOS DE INCLUSIÓN 122
CRITERIOS DE EXCLUSIÓN 122
FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN 123
VARIABLES 124
Universales 124
Demográficas 125
Estado de Salud y Calidad de Vida 130
Dolor y calidad de vida 135
Percepción frente al uso de cannabis medicinal como tratamiento del dolor 140
Patrón de consumo de cannabis 144
Patrón de consumo de alcohol y tabaco (cigarrillo) 147
Comentarios 149
Consideraciones adicionales 149
PROCEDIMIENTOS 149
Elegibilidad 150
Consentimiento 150
PROCESAMIENTO DE DATOS 151
ANÁLISIS DE DATOS 151
RESULTADOS ESPERADOS 152
RELACIONADOS CON LA GENERACIÓN DE CONOCIMIENTO 152
FORTALECIMIENTO DE LA COMUNIDAD CIENTÍFICA 153
APROPIACIÓN SOCIAL DEL CONOCIMIENTO 154
IMPACTOS ESPERADOS 155
VENTAJAS DEL ESTUDIO 156
LIMITACIONES DEL ESTUDIO 156
CONSIDERACIONES ÉTICAS 158
RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS 159
INCLUSIÓN DE PACIENTES 159
VARIABLES UNIVERSALES 160
ELEGIBILIDAD 160
TASA DE RESPUESTA y asistencia 161
VARIABLES DEMOGRÁFICAS 162
edad 162
SEXO AL NACER 164
estado civil 166
educación 167
empleo 169
residencia 170
nivel socieconómico 171
VARIABLES DEL ESTADO DE SALUD Y CALIDAD DE VIDA 172
estado de salud autopercibido 172
cognición 176
VARIABLES DE DOLOR Y CALIDAD DE VIDA 177
intensidad del dolor 177
comorbilidades 178
automedicación 179
ansiedad Y DEPRESIÓN 179
VARIABLES DE PERCEPCIONES, ACTITUDES Y CREENCIAS 180
percepción de eficacia 180
percepción de riesgo 185
aceptabilidad 191
actitudes 194
experiencia 201
VARIABLES DE PATRÓN DE CONSUMO DE CANNABIS 202
prevalencia de uso 202
patrón de consumo 204
motivaciones 206
decisión para el uso medicinal 208
impacto sobre el uso de analgésicos 210
VARIABLES DE CONSUMO DE ALCOHOL Y TABACO (CIGARRILLO) 211
ANALISIS BIVARIADO 214
COMENTARIOS 226
DISCUSIÓN 230
CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES 232
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 233
ANEXOS 247
PRESUPUESTO 247
CONSENTIMIENTO INFORMADO 249
INSTRUMENTO DE RECOLECCION DE DATOS 251
MANUAL DEL CUESTIONARIO PARA ENTREVISTA TELEFÓNICA: PACIENTES 266
MANUAL DEL CUESTIONARIO PARA ENTREVISTA TELEFÓNICA: FAMILIARES O ACUDIENTES 298
OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES - PACIENTES 319
OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES - FAMILIARES O ACUDIENTES 337
TABLAS Y FIGURAS 350 | spa |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | |
dc.language.iso | spa | spa |
dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ | * |
dc.subject.mesh | Dolor crónico | spa |
dc.subject.mesh | Marihuana medicinal | spa |
dc.subject.mesh | Manejo del dolor | spa |
dc.title | Cannabis medicinal para manejo de dolor ¿lo usaría? | spa |
dc.title.translated | Medicinal cannabis for pain management would you use it? | eng |
dc.degree.name | Especialista en Anestesiología | spa |
dc.publisher.grantor | Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNAB | spa |
dc.rights.local | Abierto (Texto Completo) | spa |
dc.publisher.faculty | Facultad Ciencias de la Salud | |
dc.publisher.program | Especialización en Anestesiología | |
dc.description.degreelevel | Especialización | spa |
dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis | |
dc.type.local | Tesis | spa |
dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f | |
dc.subject.keywords | Anesthesiology | |
dc.subject.keywords | Medical sciences | |
dc.subject.keywords | Health sciences | |
dc.subject.keywords | Medicine | |
dc.subject.keywords | Therapeutic tools | |
dc.subject.keywords | Clinical effect | |
dc.subject.keywords | Side effects | |
dc.subject.keywords | Chronic pain | |
dc.subject.keywords | Medical marijuana | |
dc.subject.keywords | Medicine botanic | |
dc.subject.keywords | Medicines | |
dc.subject.keywords | Medicinal consumption | |
dc.subject.keywords | Pain management | |
dc.subject.keywords | Public health | |
dc.identifier.instname | instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB | |
dc.identifier.reponame | reponame:Repositorio Institucional UNAB | |
dc.type.hasversion | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion | |
dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | |
dc.rights.accessrights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 | |
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dc.contributor.cvlac | https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000320609 | spa |
dc.contributor.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1791-8099 | |
dc.subject.lemb | Anestesiología | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Ciencias médicas | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Medicina | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Cannabis | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Botánica médica | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Medicamentos | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Salud pública | spa |
dc.identifier.repourl | repourl:https://repository.unab.edu.co | spa |
dc.description.abstractenglish | Introduction: chronic pain is a serious public health problem. Available therapeutic tools have been questioned for their undesirable side effects. The use of medicinal cannabis has been proposed as part of a multimodal strategy for the management of chronic pain, considering it a safer and more effective alternative. In the last two decades, medical cannabis has gained great media, socio-economic and scientific relevance in Colombia. Controversially, cannabis-based medicinal products are used across all latitudes, while the scientific community around the world is interested in collecting evidence of the clinical effect. Few studies have focused on patients' perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs. None of them had been done in Colombia.
Approach to the problem: after several decades of legal prohibition of the cultivation, transport, possession, use or consumption of marijuana, a differential approach has been developing in Colombia between drug trafficking, micro-trafficking, recreational use and medicinal use. The medicinal use of cannabis has been decriminalized and the Government have begun the process of regulating the production, transformation and marketing. The medicinal use of cannabis in Colombia is relevant, both scientifically and socially; just like in the rest of the world. Marijuana here is the most commonly used illicit drug. Ideas loosely related to the perceptions and attitudes of the Colombian population towards marijuana prevail in this country. Public perception of the efficacy of cannabinoids in pain does not seem to be consistent with the available scientific evidence, since the perception of effectiveness is very subjective. Likewise, it is necessary that health professionals understand, control and adapt current pharmacology and medicine processes to the key aspects of cannabis in pain management, in order to reduce the risk derived from its use.
Objectives: to describe the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about the use of medicinal cannabis in patients with chronic pain from a third-level health institution in the Colombian Northeast.
Methodology: the present study was developed using field research techniques, based on a self-administered questionnaire that preserved anonymity. Sampling was done by convenience, both in patients and their relatives or caregivers. The relationships between knowledge, attitudes and perceptions and the demographic characteristics of cannabis use, previous experiences, state of health and quality of life, intensity of pain, presence of comorbidities and use of other psychoactive substances were evaluated.
Results: it was possible to obtain useful information to understand the psychosocial construct of patients in relation to medicinal cannabis. A neutral posture prevailed among them, while that of the proxies was more varied, with a positive trend in the majority of the aspects. The prevalence of medicinal consumption was low in both groups. The chronic pain patients surveyed showed a different set of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions in comparison with those reported by international studies.
Discussion: Despite the complicated Colombian context regarding psychoactive substances use and the impact of drug trafficking, patients are not reluctant to use medicinal cannabis for the management of chronic pain; nor for the management of other symptoms. Their neutral position allows, by appropriately directing public policies on health and education, to modify these perceptions according to scientific evidence. The important role of family members is also highlighted, not only in decision-making process, but also as positive amplifiers of the therapeutic usefulness of medicinal cannabis. This study opens the doors to what should be a wide and dynamic field of research that integrates scientific knowledge with the context of the patient using an integrative biopsychosocial approach. | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Ciencias de la salud | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Herramientas terapéuticas | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Efecto clínico | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Efectos secundarios | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Consumo medicinal | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Cannabis | spa |
dc.rights.creativecommons | Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia | * |